|
The W2N.net - Wikipedia |
Link Ads Questz World |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| History of South Asia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stone Age | 70,000β3300 BCE | ||||
| β’ Mehrgarh Culture | β’ 7000β3300 BCE | ||||
| Indus Valley Civilization | 3300β1700 BCE | ||||
| Late Harappan Culture | 1700β1300 BCE | ||||
| Iron Age | 1200β0 BCE | ||||
| β’ Maha Janapadas | β’ 700β300 BCE | ||||
| β’ Magadha Empire | β’ 545 BCE - 550 | ||||
| β’ Maurya Empire | β’ 321β184 BCE | ||||
| β’ Chera Empire | β’ 300 BCEβ1200 CE | ||||
| β’ Chola Empire | β’ 300 BCEβ1070 CE | ||||
| β’ Pandyan Empire | β’ 250 BCEβ1345 CE | ||||
| β’ Satavahana | β’ 230 BCEβ220 CE | ||||
| Middle Kingdoms | 0 BCEβ1279 CE | ||||
| β’ Kushan Empire | β’ 60β240 CE | ||||
| β’ Gupta Empire | β’ 280β550 | ||||
| β’ Pala Empire | β’ 750β1174 | ||||
| β’ Chalukya Dynasty | β’ 543β753 | ||||
| β’ Rashtrakuta | β’ 753β982 | ||||
| β’ Western Chalukya Empire | β’ 973β1189 | ||||
| Hoysala Empire | 1040β1346 | ||||
| Kakatiya Empire | 1083β1323 | ||||
| Islamic Sultanates | 1206β1596 | ||||
| β’ Delhi Sultanate | β’ 1206β1526 | ||||
| β’ Deccan Sultanates | β’ 1490β1596 | ||||
| Ahom Kingdom | 1228β1826 | ||||
| Vijayanagara Empire | 1336β1646 | ||||
| Mughal Empire | 1526β1858 | ||||
| Maratha Empire | 1674β1818 | ||||
| Sikh Confederacy | 1716β1799 | ||||
| Sikh Empire | 1799β1849 | ||||
| Company rule in India | 1757β1858 | ||||
| British Raj | 1858β1947 | ||||
| Modern States | 1947βpresent | ||||
| Nation histories Afghanistan β’ Bangladesh β’ Bhutan β’ India Maldives β’ Nepal β’ Pakistan β’ Sri Lanka |
|||||
| Regional histories Assam β’ Bihar β’ Balochistan β’ Bengal Himachal Pradesh β’ Orissa β’ Pakistani Regions North India β’ South India β’ Tibet |
|||||
| Specialised histories Coinage β’ Dynasties β’ Economy Indology β’ Language β’ Literature β’ Maritime Military β’ Science and Technology β’ Timeline |
|||||
|
|
|||||
The Delhi Sultanate refers to the many Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1206 to 1526. Several Turkic and Pashtun dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Mamluk dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526). In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire.
During the last quarter of the twelfth century, Muhammad Ghori invaded the Indo-Gangetic plain, conquering in succession Ghazni, Multan, Sindh, Lahore, and Delhi. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, one of his generals, proclaimed himself Sultan of Delhi and established the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mamluk dynasty (mamluk means "owned" in Arabic) after Muhammad Ghori's death in 1206. By the early 13th century, northern India from the Khyber Pass to Bengal was under control of the Sultanate, although the northwest was contested with the Mongols. Iltutmish (1210-35), and Balban (1266-87) were among the dynasty's most well-known rulers. Faced with revolts by conquered territories and rival families, the Mamluk dynasty came to an end in 1290.
The Khilji or Khalji dynasty, who had established themselves as rulers of Bengal in the time of Muhammad Ghori, took control of the empire in a coup which eliminated the last of the Mamluks. The Khiljis conquered Gujarat and Malwa, and sent the first expeditions south of the Narmada River, as far south as Tamil Nadu. The Delhi Sultanate rule continued to extend into southern India, first by the Delhi Sultans, then by the breakaway Bahmani Sultanate of Gulbarga, and, after the breakup of the Bahmani state in 1518, by the five independent Deccan Sultanates. The kingdom of Vijayanagar united southern India and arrested the Delhi Sultanate's expansion for a time, until its eventual fall to the Deccan Sultanates in 1565.
In the first half of the 14th century, the Sultanate introduced a monetary economy in the provinces (sarkars) and districts (parganas) that had been established and founded a network of market centers through which the traditional village economies were both exploited and stimulated and drawn into the wider culture. State revenues remained based on successful agriculture, which induced Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-51) to have village wells dug, offer seed to the peasants and to encourage cash crops like sugarcane (Braudel 1984, pp 96f, 512ff).
The Delhi Sultanate is the only Sultanate to stake a claim to possessing one of the few female rulers in India, Princess Razia Sultana (1236-1240). While her reign was unfortunately short she is regarded well in the eyes of historians. Princess Razia Sultana was very popular and more intelligent than her brothers. She was the very first queen of the Muslim world in the early Muslim history of sub-continent. She ruled from the east Delhi to the west Peshawar and from the North Kashmir to the South Multan. The Rebels of her government killed her and her husband Malik Altuniya, and buried them outside Delhi.
The Sultans of Delhi enjoyed cordial, if superficial, relations with other Muslim rulers in the Near East but owed them no allegiance. The Sultans based their laws on the Qur'an and the sharia and permitted non-Muslim subjects to practice their religion only if they paid jizya or head tax. The Sultans ruled from urban centers -- while military camps and trading posts provided the nuclei for towns that sprang up in the countryside. Perhaps the greatest contribution of the Sultanate was its temporary success in insulating the subcontinent from the potential devastation of the Mongol invasion from Central Asia in the thirteenth century.
The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion left lasting monuments in architecture, music, literature, and religion. The Sultanate suffered from the sacking of Delhi in 1398 by Timur (Tamerlane), and soon other independent Sultanates were established in Awadh, Bengal, Jaunpur, Gujarat and Malwa. The Delhi Sultanate revived briefly under the Lodhis before it was conquered by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1526.
Note: Islamic Empires in India (part of the History of South Asia series) has more information in its section on the Delhi Sultanate.
Contents |
The above article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the copyrighted Wikipedia "Delhi Sultanate" article.
